Catecholamines and Cortisol Help to Fight Stress - 531 Words

When stress occurs, our bodies respond by releasing hormones that help our bodies deal with the stress. Catecholamines (epinephrine and norepinephrine) and cortisol are hormones that are major players in the stress response (McCance Huether, 2010). Catecholamines share some common physiologic actions with cortisol. Catecholamines and its metabolic actions are similar to those of cortisol. Both catecholamines and cortisol cause an increase in blood glucose through increased gluconeogenesis (McCance Huether, 2010). Gluconeogenesis is the production of glucose when the activation of certain enzymes occur (McCance Huether, 2010). Both epinephrine and cortisol also cause an increase in blood glucose by preventing cells in the body from the uptake of glucose and decreasing the effects of insulin (Judd, n.d.). Catecholamines and cortisol both cause an increase in cardiac output and an increase in blood pressure as well (McCance Huether, 2010). Catecholamines do this by enhancing myocardial contractility, increasing heart rate, and increasing the blood (venous) returning to the heart (McCance Huether, 2010). Cortisol aids in this effect by increasing the amount of receptors that epinephrine and norepinephrine can attach to ( Judd, n.d.). Cortisol and catecholamines both cause lipolysis is some areas of the body. This occurs in the extremities with cortisol, but most areas of the body with catecholamines (McCance Huether, 2010). Strangely enough, bothShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Hormones On The Body s Central Glucocorticoid1746 Words   |  7 PagesACTH acts on receptors of the adrenal cortex to stimulate the synthesis and release of cortisol [19,20]. Also known as the body’s ‘‘stress hormone’’, cortisol travels through the blood in both protein-bound (inactive) and free (active) forms. Cortisol can act to limit its own synthesis via a negative feedback mechanism to the hypothalamus and pituitary gland [19,20]. Upon reaching a target cell, free cortisol diffuses through the cell membrane to bind to the cytoplasmic glucocorti- coid receptorRead MoreOverview of The Endocrine System713 Words   |  3 Pagesalso secrete hormones that help a person deal and manage with both physical and emotional stress. The adrenal glands produce four main hormones: 1. Catecholamines - These are stress hormones such as adrenaline or noradrenaline and are released during times of stress to help the body combat extra pressures, the fight or flight response. 2. Aldosterone: This hormone helps to maintain the bodys salt and water levels which, in turn, regulates blood pressure. 3. Cortisol: This is another hormoneRead MorePsychological And Sociological Factors Of Stress1558 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Stress is defined as ‘any situation which tends to disturb the equilibrium between a living organism and its environment’1. Equilibrium is restored through biological actions such as hormone secretion which lead to physiological changes that prepare one for the fight or flight response. As a junior doctor, Mark is exposed every day to many stressors such as death, suffering and long hours. There are also many psychological and sociological factors in the work environment which can furtherRead MoreEssay on Hans Selye ´s General Adaptation Syndrome Model648 Words   |  3 PagesNational Track and Field Championships for the 800m event. In the alarm stage, the body encounters a stressor. The stressor will cause the body to react with the fight or flight response.Next, the nervous system and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis will be activated. The body system will then release ‘stress’ hormones like adrenaline, cortisol and noradrenaline. Blood pressure and heart rate will begin to increase. At this stage, the stressor affecting me is when I was running the last 200m, I hearRead MoreSymptoms And Treatment Of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder1033 Words   |  5 Pagesmajor depressive disorder that I chose for my final paper is Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, or more commonly known as PSTD. This is a very complex disorder and effects men, women, and children alike. Most people associate PSTD with servicemen or women returning from defending our country. However, statistics show these people do experience PTSD, they are not the only people this disorder effects. Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder is a reaction a person has after experiencing or witnessing a traumaticRead MoreAU PSY350 M5 A1 Rodriguez A Essay2073 Words   |  9 PagesEffects of Stress Angie Rodriguez Physiological Psychology | PSY350 A03 Faculty:   Courtney  McKinney November 3, 2014 Abstract As stress we all know is a normal physical response to events that give us the feeling of threatned or a unbalance in the mind. Whether, it is danger we fear or if it is real living events the way the body reacts to stress it automatically high gears in a fast, way that it process what we recall as â€Å"fight-or-fight† the way reaction is towards stress. StressorsRead MoreBrian s Current State Of Health Essay1542 Words   |  7 Pages from which we can calculate his BMI to be 34kg/m2. Despite being a non-smoker, the patient described his exercise level as low. This paired with his low activity job makes leads us to assume his PAL is low. The GP ran common health check tests to help them conjecture towards the nature of his problem. The patients’ blood pressure was 164/92. He had a fasting blood glucose of 8.3mmol/l and a UDL cholesterol level of 0.87mmol/l. From this information we can identify issues within Brain’s state ofRead MorePost Traumatic Stress Disorder6041 Words   |  25 PagesPost Traumatic Stress Disorder Name Course Tutor Institution Date Introduction Post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a mental health condition that presents in form of anxiety disorder, and it usually develops following exposure to an event or incident that is terrifying and mostly associated with an increased risk or actual occurrence of severe body harm. These events exceed the coping capabilities of the individual, resulting into psychological trauma. As a result of the trauma, theRead MoreWhat Is The Psychological Analysis Of Mental Psychology1594 Words   |  7 Pagesailments include C-PTSD, mood disorder unspecified, and ADD-all forms of mental illness according to the Desk Reference to the Diagnostic Criteria from DSM-V. I’m currently seeing a psychiatrist for medication regarding my illness and counseling to help me understand and comprehend my past and how it affects me today. Both doctors do not know if I will ever get over the trauma of my dysfunctional childhood, the tragedy of the Joe Ferguson killings and my bad marriages. However, I h ope that somedayRead MoreThe Role Of Cues On Glycemic Control And Lipid Profile2321 Words   |  10 PagesAnxiety, depression, hormonal imbalance are major disorders of chronic stress that lead to the several pathophysiological complications if prolonged. There is little evidence reflecting that chronic unpredictable environmental stress may induce the predisposition of diabetes mellitus associated complications. However detailed investigation at molecular level is required to see the effect of chronic unpredictable environmental stress (CUES) at gene level. The present study investigates the role of CUES

Truman Doctrine And The Cold War - 1463 Words

The Cold War was one of the most peculiar occurrences in human history, which endured almost fifty years and all those years was the dominant characteristic of international relations. It was a period of indirect confrontation between two, at the time(1945-1989), most powerfull countries in the world- the Soviet Union and the United States of America. However, there is no exact and precise date of the beginning of the war, as it started gradually, with the contribution of many different causes. However, a common question usually arises: was the Truman Doctrine responsible for starting the Cold War? First of all, Truman doctrine and its objectives must be presented. The Truman doctrine was established in 1947, by the thirty-third president of the United States- Harry S. Truman. In the book â€Å" The Truman Presidency’’ the Truman doctrine was described as ‘’one of the most momentous events in international political relations of this century†. The Truman Doctrine was necessary, as the communist push and constraint on Greece and Turkey menaced both of them with debacle. The main issue was, that if Turkey fell, Greece would collapse with her and vice versa. And if the USSR would break through these political barriers, the rest of Europe, the Middle East, North Africa and even India would be in peril. In other words- there would be an obvious dominance of Communism, which could not be allowed, as it would disrupt the growing idyll of capitalism and democracy. The only way thatShow MoreRelatedThe Function of the Truman Doctrine and Marshall Plan i n Preventing the Spread of Communism During the Cold War952 Words   |  4 Pagesthe United States during the Cold War fully supported the growth of democratic nations. The USSR, however, wanted countries to become communist like them. These opposing views led to tension between the two nations. As a result, in 1947, President Truman issued the Truman Doctrine which stated that the United States would supply aid to any country as long as they pledged to be democratic. The Marshall plan was enacted in 1948 and it was similar to the Truman Doctrine except it provided financialRead MoreTruman Doctrine And The Policy Of The United States1311 Words   |  6 PagesHarry S. Truman once declared, It must be the policy of the United States to support free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures. (Truman Doctrine, ourdocuments.gov) This quote was given by President Truman in a speech directed to Congress in hopes that they would aid his mi ssion and goal. This doctrine, or principle, that was expressed by President Harry S. Truman in 1947, was called the Truman Doctrine. President Truman s stance was that theRead MoreCurrent Events and US Diplomacy on Truman Doctrine957 Words   |  4 PagesCurrent Events and US Diplomacy: The introduction of the Truman Doctrine in March 1947 by President Harry S. Truman was an outline for the basic foreign policy that America would use against Communism and the Soviet Union for nearly four decades. While President Truman assumed office while inexperienced in global affairs, the doctrine demonstrated his firm stewardship on foreign policy. The doctrine, which was eventually adopted as an international relations policy, was introduced in a speechRead MoreCold War and U1205 Words   |  5 PagesThe Cold War and U.S. Diplomacy: The Truman Doctrine Mark Newsome Strayer University Politics 300 Dr. Sussie Okoro 16 March 2014 The Cold War and U.S. Diplomacy: The Truman Doctrine Harry S. Truman was President of the United States from 1945-1953. President Truman presidency was marked throughout by important foreign policy initiatives. Central to almost everything Truman undertook in his foreign policy was the desire to prevent the expansion of influence of the Soviet Union. At the endRead More Why the Cold War developed by 1949 Essay865 Words   |  4 Pagesthe Cold War had developed in many ways since 1945. The most significant factor to the development of the Cold War since the end of World War II, was the building of the Iron Curtain in 1946 which divided the communists countries of Eastern Europe from the non-communist countries of the West and considerably contributed to the hostilities between the West and the USSR. Other reasons why Cold War had developed by was because of the different ideology to begin with, the Marshall Plan and Truman DoctrineRead MoreThe Truman Doctrine1364 Words   |  6 PagesThe Truman Doctrine and the Development of America n Foreign Policy during the Cold War On March 12, 1947, President Harry S. Truman defined United States foreign policy in the context of its new role as a world superpower. Many historians consider his speech to Congress as the words that officially started the Cold War. The Truman Doctrine was a major break from U.S. historical trends of isolationist foreign policy. His speech led to the Cold War policy of containment. Moreover, it served as aRead MoreThe Truman Doctrine and Iron Curtain Speech802 Words   |  3 PagesThe Truman Doctrine and Iron Curtain Speech After World War II, the USSR and United States engaged in an unprecedented conflict called the Cold War. Despite the armaments being produced, this war was not directly fought with thousands of soldiers or massive weapons. An enormous rise in tensions created a competition between the two countries for diplomatic, economic, cultural, and military dominance. Of course, nothing was official until President Harry Truman and Winston Churchill worked togetherRead MoreThe Sources of Soviet Conduct by George F. Kennan Essay694 Words   |  3 PagesCommunism from spreading was through containment, even though the telegraph did not have the word containment in it. The Truman Doctrine was established and the number of Presidents that viewed war in foreign soil. Kennan continued to fight Communism and had inputs and theories on other conflicts to include Vietnam and Korea. George Kennan was an observer of the Russian Civil War aftermath. Kennan served as a Soviet front for two years in Moscow as chief of mission and a consultant for AmbassadorRead MoreThe Soviet Revolution Of Ussr872 Words   |  4 Pagesstarting in 1993 the war on terrorism. And as soon as WWII ends the Cold War starts with the USSR. 2. One of the most important presidents during the Cold War was Harry S. Truman. He set forth the notion of containment. Containment is where the US tried to contain communism in every country they could. A great fear was that of the domino effect, the belief that if one country fell to communism, so would another, just like dominoes falling. The two biggest plans that came from Truman to contain communismRead MoreCurrent Events And U.s. Diplomacy1412 Words   |  6 Pagesthey are deals, treaties, or presidential doctrines. Presidents create presidential doctrines because of the conflicts of interest that arise, relationships that exist among each other, and provide the solution to the conflict. Definition and Summary A presidential doctrine is a collection of ideas and a group of actions that are used to alleviate or remedy the conflicts of interest in a certain geographical area of the world (Jones, 2011). As the World War II was gradually coming to a close in 1945

Competitive Strategy Tactics - Goals - Descriptions and Objectives

Question: Discuss about the case study Competitive Strategy for Tactics, Goals, Descriptions and Objectives. Answer: Week 3 Video assignment The video explains the key ideas of strategy and shows how strategies differ from tactics, goals, descriptions and objectives. The word strategy has been originated from the Greek work Strategos which means The art of the General and basically it refers to the strategies made for the war by the Generals. The strategies were made to win the war. Similarly, in market firms has to win over the competitors customers (Santos et al.2012). The key idea related to the strategies is to provide answers to the firm about where to compete, what unique value to bring in the production, how to utilize the resource capabilities and how to sustain the unique value of the production. Ikea is the first furniture retailer, which has put stores in all the major countries, and produce Scandinavian style low priced contemporary furniture. It has developed larger scale of market and sells the furniture at reasonable priced showrooms which fulfils the customer requirement in a short period. It adopts mass-production techniques and supplies the product at flat boxes that have the unassembled pieces and the products are assembled by the customers and reduce the shipping cost drastically. Due to the low shipping cost, Ikea is able to spread a larger volume of goods across the globe. The strategy was difficult for the competitors to imitate as most of them do not manufacture their furniture and cannot ship their products in flat boxes (Walker and Madsen 2016). However, Ikea do not have the market for high end furniture and do not provide customize service to the customers. Ikea designs its furniture but do not manufacture it and give it for job work to small manufactures to reduce its cost. Hence Ikea is the classic example that explains the strategy concept as the company has created a unique value to its product and able to compete successfully in the market. Further, able to sustain over a longer period due to its uniqueness which could not be imitated by other competitors. Week 4 Video assignment The video explains the how to revolutionize the industry by adopting innovative business models. According to it, the big successful companies like Nokia, Kodak have lost their edge, not because of having less resources or knowledge or inefficient employees but because of not rethinking their business model and missing out radical innovation. The business model innovation provides answer to questions like who it the target customer, what should be offered to them, how to develop the proposition of value and how to generate the revenue (Jayawardhana and Weerawardena 2014). The key ideas that should be considered to innovate the business model are initiation, ideation, integration and implementation. In Initiation, the current business model are analysed and the answer to the general questions of whom, what and how, is obtained. In ideation, the existing business model is compared with other 55 business models and a new innovative model is developed. During integration, the consistency of the business model is checked and finally in implementation, the model is first put to test through pilot test and data are collected to verify the assumptions and the results (Bocken et al. 2014). Lastly, some important things should be taken into consideration, one business model should be implemented at a time, communications about the model should be clear and required changes should be made, put emphasis on short term and should have committed management. The examples for innovative business model can be seen in the firms like Google, Amazon and Ebay. Their success lied not only on technology but also on their innovative business model. The company taken here is Google. Due to advanced technology application, Google has climbed the path of success but cold sustain their due to rethinking its business model whenever required and building innovative business model. When Google started facing huge competition, it adopted the strategy of initiation and went through its existing business model, which was then compared with other business models of the industry, and a new innovative model was developed under ideation strategy (Amit and Zott 2012). It diversified its product into electronics good like phone and music system and adopted low cost strategy to charge competitive price .The consistency of the model is checked and then implemented with pilot testing under integration and implementation strategy. Week 5 Video assignment The video has the explanation of the key ideas of CAGE framework to evaluate the international trade opportunities by Pankaj Ghemawat. According to him, CAGE framework is based on international trade that explains the factors on which trade between the countries are influenced heavily (Nicita 2013). C stands for cultural difference between countries which becomes the reason for trade, A stands for administrative role in making the trade between the countries effective by reducing the political influence, G stands for geographical boundaries and E stands for economic conditions of the countries that creates the environment for international trade (DaSilva and Trkman 2014). CAGE plays an important role in increasing or reducing the trade between the countries. For example, the merchandise trade between the two countries will increase if they have same official language, common border and close per capita income levels. However, this may be not true in all countries case as there is hug e number of countries but is true in some of the prominent cases. For example, Canada is one of the developed economy having the largest share of international trade with United States, another developed economy. In terms of bilateral trade, Canada is the largest trade partner of United States. The reason can be stated as similar official language, similar per capita income, common border and similar ways of administration between the countries (Coughlin and Novy 2013). Hence the CAGE commonalities are the reasons for large volume of trade between Canada and United States. However, it may not be true in some other cases where trade takes place between developed and developing countries like Canada and Mexico. Hence, the concept of CAGE holds true for some great trading partners but diversity being the rule of globalization, it cannot hold universally for all the trading relations between the countries. Reference Amit, R. and Zott, C., 2012. Creating value through business model innovation. MIT Sloan Management Review, 53(3), p.41. Bocken, N.M.P., Short, S.W., Rana, P. and Evans, S., 2014. A literature and practice review to develop sustainable business model archetypes. Journal of cleaner production, 65, pp.42-56. Coughlin, C.C. and Novy, D., 2013. Is the international border effect larger than the domestic border effect? Evidence from US trade. CESifo Economic Studies, 59(2), pp.249-276. DaSilva, C.M. and Trkman, P., 2014. Business model: What it is and what it is not. Long Range Planning, 47(6), pp.379-389. Jayawardhana, K. and Weerawardena, J., 2014. Conceptualizing the Role of Market Learning in Social Innovation-Based Competitive Strategy. Nicita, A., 2013. Exchange rates, international trade and trade policies. International Economics, 135, pp.47-61. Santos-Vijande, M.L., Lpez-Snchez, J.. and Trespalacios, J.A., 2012. How organizational learning affects a firm's flexibility, competitive strategy, and performance. Journal of Business Research, 65(8), pp.1079-1089. Walker, G. and Madsen, T.L., 2016. Modern competitive strategy. McGraw-Hill Education.

Profit Center Essay Example

Profit Center Essay The TallTree2 Hotel Casino is a 640-room resort composite having a full scope of Nevada-style gambling with slot machines and table games. Besides the hotel and casino. it besides operates four eating houses. two amusement salesrooms and three gift stores. Because of the economic environment at the clip. TallTree2 wanted to better its underside line by establishing a scope of Particular Events like golf tourneies. packaging lucifers. New Year Parties and a series of cavity. lotto and slot tourneies. Those particular events were specifically designed to counterbalance for the slow periods and generate extra gambling grosss. Terrence Wei. the new belongings president. feels that his section directors appear to be in struggle with each other. The directors of each section have expressed concerns when it comes to running their section under the net income centre attack. Overall. complementary costs and allocated operating expense included in the direct costs pose more of a job in finding the sums to apportion. More specifically. the hotel director complained about capacity restraints. It is hard for this section to recapture all of the chance costs of non selling suites at full monetary value or even above that sum in times of high demand. We will write a custom essay sample on Profit Center specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Profit Center specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Profit Center specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The director is required to maintain 20 % of the suites in instance a higher roller comes in. If a participant pays for the room. it will be at the $ 45 price reduction rate and non the $ 139 that a walk in client would pay. The nutrient section is presently pricing below the community eating houses. The director argues that he should be able to put his monetary values and run his section on a profitable footing. It is presently running at 15 % loss and the complementary nutrient makes up for 20 % of all eating house gross revenues. As for the drink division. 77 % of gross revenues are complimentary. The director in this section is concerned about the really low monetary values offered. Judy Fitch. president of selling. is concerned that the worksheet provided by Bill Martino does non reflect the grosss generated by the particular events. In order to aline the company’s vision and inducements with those of the directors. the construction of each section needs to be re-evaluated based on current public presentation. The company is decentralized and each section is a duty centre. A duty centre is a division of a company for which a director has the authorization to do determinations. The chief types of duty centres are cost centres and net income centres. A cost centre is a division of a company that is responsible for the maintaining the costs every bit low as possible. Cost centres contribute to a company’s profitableness indirectly like selling. client service or research and development. A net income centre is a division of the company that is accounted for on a standalone footing for the intent of net income computation. The directors of those net income centres have the decision-making authorization related to merchandise or service pricing and operating disbursals. Therefore. the net income centre is responsible for doing its ain net incomes. The end is to reorganise the allotment of costs so that each section is profitable. The particular events target high rollers and should convey more money that they presently bring. The Casino section should still be run as a net income centre. Gambling is the largest beginning of gross for the hotel casino composite. The section director controls the grosss by offering particular publicities and complimentary nutrient. drinks and suites in times of slow periods. The director is non merely responsible for the net income generated but besides for the costs. Finally. the casino controls the bargaining power for the price-setting and complimentary services offered such as nutrient. drinks and suites. The hotel section should be evaluated as a net income centre. The division already has significant control over pricing since it is based on supply and demand and on seasonal tendencies. Besides. complimentary suites merely account for 8 % of the gross created by the section. Because of the high chance costs. room gross revenues account for about 92 % . The Hotel is besides one of the chief income beginnings for the gaming industry. The Food section should be run as a cost centre because 20 % of the gross is generated from complimentary gross revenues and besides because the eating houses are presently running at a 15 % loss. The restaurants’ chief intent is to function gamblers and should non be established as a standalone concern. The eating houses are expected to supply low-priced repasts that will pull more people or retain the current clients on the belongings. The Beverage section should besides be evaluated as a cost centre. 77 % of the beverage’s division grosss come from complimentary drinks served to the casino clients. The casino has major control over which clients receive the complimentary drinks and the director of the section has really small control over the division’s net income. The section should nevertheless be responsible for commanding costs like the staff and the cost of the inputs supplied. The synergism between the different sections makes it harder to measuring those separately. The ood and drink sections have the primary intent to maintain clients in the casino ; they have a encouraging function. The casino should hold the ultimate determination power to make up ones mind how and when the complimentary nutrient and drink are distributed. Alternatively. the nutrient and drink sections should command the costs of making concern. the efficiency and quality instead than to do net income. Particular events should be evaluated on profitableness. It will merely makes sense if each division is run as a net income centre or cost centre consequently. Besides. TallTree2 should take other elements into consideration. The full monetary value of suites should be included as gross. That manner. it will be easier to see the sum deducted for price reductions and complimentary suites. Bill’s statement to include the supplanting costs for hotel and grosss lost during particular events is rational. TallTree2 needs to cognize how much net income is lost so that they can do it up. The figure of suites reserved for high rollers should be revised because the 97 free suites during the Stars and Stripes event could hold been occupied by walk-in clients at the rate of $ 139 darks. If walk-in clients are turned down. those clients are non likely to remain at the hotel or even gamble at the casino in the hereafter. Some quantitative elements should be included like client satisfaction. The event’s success shouldn’t merely be evaluated in footings of profitableness. With the casino and hotel sections being evaluated as net income centres and the nutrient and drink sections run as cost centres. TallTree2 will be more profitable and direction of each sections will non be in struggle with each other.

What Is the SAT Experimental Section

What Is the SAT Experimental Section SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips In many regards, College Board has made the SAT a lot more transparent. As of March 2016, the majority of the test has a very clear and consistent format - with one exception. In recent months, some students encountered an unexpected 20-minute experimental section at the end of their tests. This guide will explain everything we know so far about thisexperimental section and how it differs from the experimental section on tests past. Read on to learn about this extra material and what it means for your test prep. What's the SAT Experimental Section? For many months leading up the new SAT, students and SAT experts thought the redesigned test had eliminated the experimental section.College Board made no mention of it, and thefree practice testsit released featured no trace of extra questions. Then, on February 4th, just a month before the new SAT was set to debut, a College Board officialsaid in a conference for test center coordinatorsin Boston that some students would get an experimental section. College Boarddidn't elaborate much further on what this meant. When counselors received theirAdvising and AdmissionHandbook, they saw these instructions: "The SAT given in a standard testing room (to students with no testing accommodations) consists of four components - five if the optional 50-minute Essay is taken - with each component timed separately. The timed portion of the SAT with Essay (excluding breaks) is three hours and 50 minutes. To allow for pretesting, some students taking the SAT with no Essay will take a fifth, 20-minute section. Any section of the SAT may contain both operational and pretest items."* *Emphasis mine. Operational items, by the way, are questionsthat count toward scores. Pretest itemsare not scored and don't factor in. Despite their declared commitment to transparency, College Board has been pretty opaque about the experimental section and whether or not it counts toward students' final scores! When the new SAT was administered in March and May, some students got an extra 20-minute section at the end. All the students that got the experimental section had chosen not to take the essay. All students who opted for the essay section did not have the extra experimental section. It could have been Writing, Reading, or Math. It's possible thatthis experimental section is unscored and meant to test out future material. It may be thatCollege Board is being vague on this point to make sure that students still take this section seriously. If students knew it was unscored, then they might not try as hard - or even skip it completely - and then College Board wouldn't be able to test out material for future tests. At the same time, no one seems to know yet whether or not this section indeed has "operational items." At this point, if you get an extra 20-minute section during your test, you should treat it no differently than you do the rest of the SAT. Before getting into additional tips on how the experimental section affects your test prep, let's compare it to the experimental section on the old SAT. What was that experimental section like, and what's the purpose of experimental sections on the SAT in the first place? What Was the Experimental Section on the Old SAT? The experimental section on the old SAT was much more easily understood than the one on the new SAT. College Board was transparent about the fact that there was an experimental section on every SAT. All students got this extra section. It was unidentified, so they couldn't know which section it was. The experimental, or variable, section was an extra 25-minutes that could have appearedasany subject - Math, Writing, or Critical Reading. It remained unscored, andtest-takers couldn’t predict which section was the experimental one. College Board kept it unidentified so that studentswould take it as seriously as any other section. In theory, the experimental section was indistinguishable from other sections of the SAT. In reality, though, and especially on test administrations immediately preceding the redesigned test, students noticed some strange questions unlike anything they’d prepared for on practice tests. Some of these unusual questions, as it turned out, resembled material that has sinceappeared on the redesigned SAT. So even though past students didn't know which section was experimental, they did know to expect one. On the new SAT, many students were surprised to be met with an extra 20-minute section. So why does College Board include these extra sections on the SAT?What exactly is their purpose? Why Are ThereExperimental Sections on the SAT? In the past, the SAT experimental section was given for three main reasons: to test out future material, to ensure fairness and gauge difficulty level, and to detect any evidence of cheating. Presumably, the experimental section on the new SAT hassimilarpurposes. Let's look at each function in a bit more detail. To Test Out Future Material College Board, or rather its contracted test developer, Educational Testing Service (ETS), used the experimental section for years to try out new questions and material for future tests. In the past, ETS mainly used this section for developing near identicaltests. More recently, though, the experimental sections included especially novel question types as ETS worked toward therevampedSAT. If you took the "old" SAT in 2014 or 2015, you may have felt likean SAT guinea pig. The fact that College Board's been unclear about the experimental section on the new SAT suggests that it's still being used to test out future material. They want students to take it seriously, so they can get an accurate sense of the quality of their questions. At the same time, College Board has suggested that any section on the SAT, including this extra 20-minute one, could have a combination of "operational" and "pretest" items. Therefore, we can't know for sure yet whether or not every question on the extra 20-minute section really is unscored, even though only a fraction of students are taking it. To Ensure Fairness and Gauge Difficulty Level In years past, ETS used the data from the experimental section to determine whether questions were fair and comparable to past tests. They also analyzed the results across gender, race, socioeconomic status, and other social categories to ensure that the questions were equally accessible to students across demographics. Of course, manywould argue that SAT scores have always correlated with levels of family income and parental education and will continue to do so. This correlationkeeps the SAT and its validity a matter of controversy.It alsounderlies the statements given bymany colleges about why they've recently adoptedtest optional or test flexible admissions policies. Beyond working toward fairness, ETS also used results from the experimental section to gain insight into the levels of questions. If 80% of students got a question correct, for instance, then ETS could categorize it in the "easy" level. This understanding helped test designers select and arrange questions on new tests. Presumably, College Board is analyzing data from the 20-minute experimental section of the SAT in a similar way. One notable difference, however, is that only students who opted out of the essay section weregiven this extra section. To Find Evidence ofCheating Finally, inrare cases, ETS used the experimental section to detect cheating. There have been a few cases where students gained access to questions and answers before test day. If a student performed amazingly on all sections except the experimental one, then ETS could audit the test to investigate for any unfair advantage. Any students who had access to the test beforehand would have known which section was experimental (and probably freak out a little on the inside). But of course,the majority of students would never cheat on this important test, and they also would have beenhard pressed to figure out which section was experimental. Let's consider that last issue in some more detail. Did takers of the old SAT know which section was experimental? How obvious is it to takers of the SAT now? CanTest-Takers KnowWhich Section IsExperimental? The answer to this question varies depending on whether students took the old SAT or are taking the redesigned SAT of today. As such, let's consider them separately, starting with takers of the SAT today (ie, in March of 2016 and after). Takingthe New SAT Takers of the new SAT could tell which section was experimental. The new SAT has a straightforward format. It starts with a 65-minute Reading section, followed by a 35-minute Writing section. Then you get a 25-minute Math No Calculator and a 55-minute Math with Calculator. Thus the unexpected20-minute section of unpredictable subject matter was clearly the experimental one. Students who registered for the SAT with Essay wentonto the 50-minute essay as their last section. Students who opted out of the essay likely thought they were all done, but many then had to takean extra 20-minute section. As this section was not represented in College Board's breakdown of the test and practice tests, it appeared to be the experimental one. Takers of the old SAT had it a little differently, as you'll see below. Taking the Old SAT Takers of theoldSAT, unlike many who took the new SAT, knew to expect an experimental section. However, they couldn't easily figure out which one it was. They knew that the experimental section was 25-minutes, but the old SAT also had fiveother 25-minute sections. At the end of their test, students could deduct which subject their experimental section covered, Math, Critical Reading, or Writing, byfiguring out where they had extra material. However, they had no sure way of knowing which Math, Critical Reading, or Writing section was experimental. There was one exception to this rule. While most experimental sections blended in indistinguishably from the rest of the test, a few on 2014 and 2015 tests stood out for their unusual question types. A few students noted that they got "evidence-based" questions on Reading, which asked for the evidence to their answer to a previous question. These question types were unprecedented on the old SAT, but they later showed up in abundance on the redesigned test, as you've seen if you've taken or prepped for it at all. Now that you have a sense of the experimental sections on the old and new SAT, let's figure out how this extra section affects your test prep, if at all. What can you doto prepare for an extra 20-minute section of unpredictable content? Should the experimental section affect how you trainfor the SAT? How Does the Experimental Section Affect Your Prep? Just knowing about the experimental section is one important way to prepare for the test. If you're taking the SAT without the essay section, then don't be too surprised if you get a 20-minute section in Math, Reading, or Writing as a fifth section, after the Math with Calculator. If you're taking the SAT with Essay, then so far it seems that you don't have to worry about the experimental section. Unfortunately, College Board hasn't been too explicit about this section, who gets it, or what it means. We'll try our best to give you advance warning if they end up adding an extra section to the SAT with Essay version of the test, too! Besides learning about the experimental section, there are a few additional tips to consider when prepping for the SAT. Take All Questions Seriously Let's say you've signed up for the SAT without the essay and made it through your first threehours of testing. Then you get an extra 20-minute section in Math, Reading, or Writing. It might feel all too easy to blow off this section and just start filling in random bubbles. This would be a mistake, though. College Board has said that all sections, including this 20-minute one, contain operational and pretest items. There's no way of saying for sure that your performance on these questions won't be counted toward your final scores at all. As you saw above, College Board also used the experimental section in past years to determine the validity of scores. If you did great on other sections but bombed the experimental section, then this inconsistency raised red flags. We don't know yet whether the 20-minute section is used for these same purposes, but dismissing it as insignificant doesn't seem worth the risk! While you may start to feel fatigued at the end of such a long test, try your best to finish up strong. That brings us to the next tip - prepare for a longer test. Prepare for a Longer Test If you're taking the SAT without the essay, then you might benefit from prepping with longer tests. Taking timed practice tests is an important part of your prep, as it allows you to hone your time management skills and get better at staying alert over a long period of testing. Since the experimental section adds 20 minutes, you could simulate the experience by adding extra questions to your own practice tests. There aren't actually any 20-minute sections on the official SAT practice tests - the one that comes closest is the 25-minute Math No Calculator section - so you might have to create this extra section from scratch by collecting extra practice questions. Since the 65-minute Reading section usually has 52questions, you could collect 16or so to answer. For Writing, you might answer about 25questions. Math No Calculator could stay about the same, perhaps taking away two or three questions. For the Math with Calculator, you could design a section with about 13 or 14questions. Don't worry about getting the proportion of time to questions exactly right. The important point is that you add 20 minutes or so of additional testing time with SAT practice questionsto train your focus over a longer period of time. Of course, it's unclear whether all students who are taking the SAT without the essay will get an experimental section. This unpredictability leads us to our final point - stay adaptable! Stay Adaptable For the most part, you can know exactly what to expect on SAT test day, from testing procedures to the structure of the test to the types of questions you'll encounter. The main source of unpredictability is this 20-minute experimental section, which may feature additional Reading, Writing, or Math questions. Since College Board has historically used the experimental section to test out future material, it may add unusual question types that you're not prepared for. If you encounter something weird, try not to let it mess with your head. Just doyour best and roll with the punches. While you can't know for sure and should take every section seriously, many items on this section might be "pretest," or unscored, anyway. At least, that's what you can tell yourself so you can keep your cool and stay confident! Again, you can largelyknow what to expect on test day. As long as you practicefor answering questions and managing your time, you can expect to achieve similar scores as you have on practice tests. By prepping with a plan, you can feel confident about the test, with or without an extra experimental section! What's Next? Are you curious about other changes to the SAT this year? Check out the ten major changes you need to know about the redesigned SAT. Once you've familiarized yourself with the changes, you're ready to start studying! This expert guide discusses the best ways to study for the SAT. Are you looking to hone in on a particular section? Check out our ultimate study guides for the Reading section, Writing section, and Math sections of the SAT, along with our step-by-step instructions for writing the essay! Want to learn more about the SAT but tired of reading blog articles? Then you'll love our free, SAT prep livestreams. Designed and led by PrepScholar SAT experts, these live video events are a great resource for students and parents looking to learn more about the SAT and SAT prep. Click on the button below to register for one of our livestreams today!

Law Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Law - Assignment Example (Carlill v. Carbolic Smoke Ball Company 1893 1 qb 256). Acceptance is a final and unqualified expression of assent to the terms of an offer [G.H. Treitel, The Law of Contract, 10th edn, p.16]. The Employer, Conventina Motors, has offered Steven to work for them as a parts distribution salesman. And Steven has accepted their employment offer to work for them. This means a proper contract has been established between Conventina Motors and Steven. Consideration: This means something bargained for and received by a promisor from a promisee. The common types of consideration consists of real or personal property, a return promise, some act, or a forbearance. The consideration by Conventina Motors towards Steven may not only include his salary but also other responsibilities like Steven’s mental, health, emotional and/or environmental safety etc. And likewise Steven’s consideration towards the company can be his loyalty, responsibility and promise to follow the rules and regulation binding on him due to the employment contract. Capacity: In contract law, capacity means a persons ability to satisfy the elements required to enter binding contracts. For example, it often requires a person to have reached a minimum age and to have soundness of mind. Conventina Motors is an established company and Steven is an adult. Therefore both fulfill the required capacity rules to enter into a valid contract. Legality: The contract made, must be enforceable by law. Only then, the contract is said to be legally binding. Conventina Motors is an established company having proper employment contracts with its workers, therefore the contract with Steven is legally binding and has certain obligations that needs to be followed by both the parties in the contract. As discussed above, Conventina Motors and Steven have entered into a legal employment contract with each other. The contract includes rules and obligations that

Information Systems Components PowerPoint Presentation

Information Systems Components - PowerPoint Presentation Example At the core of proper information management is the collection process. Collecting information includes all the activities that pertain to the gathering of the information from its source. In the London Olympics, much information will have to be gathered from thousands of places in order to be analyzed and translated. The collection process has to be done exhaustively and unobtrusively in order to ensure that nothing important is left behind. In this regard, proper information gathering techniques have to be used in order to obtain quality information from the fields and other sources. Such techniques should not have any loopholes that can lead to some information being lost or distorted during the collection process. Good information management for the Olympics will require that information is normalized in order to create a sense of uniformity and conformity for the organizers. In this regard, it is important to use advanced computer software that can effectively normalize the larg e volumes of information that will have to be dealt with in the process. The organizers should therefore ensure that they use proper computerized information management systems that will ensure that the whole event is devoid of any mishaps that can occur in such instances. It has to be realized that if the wrong information is gathered from the ground, chaos will begin to erupt in the games. It is therefore important that information gathered has to be confirmed and counterchecked in order to ensure that no distortion has occurred in the collection process. The information gathered from the field will normally be at its raw state. In order to make it presentable and easily understood by the millions of people across the world that would be waiting, it is important that the information is properly analyzed. The raw data can be analyzed through the use of various methods. In this regard, the analysis of the information has to be highly computerized in order to effectively address the large volumes of information that would be available. It is also important that the information system to be used to has a good backup process in order to take care of any eventuality. While many people across the world would eagerly be waiting to receive updated information on the various events on progress in London, the organizers have the important duty of ensuring that this flow of information occurs without any interruption or hiccups. In order to ensure that nothing is taken for granted, it is necessary that the organizers of the London Olympics to regularly conduct database checkups in order to ensure the functionality of the information systems and to ensure that everything progresses as planned. Since the data gathering process is expected to be top notch, it is also important to ensure that the data quality strategy is regularly checked and enhanced. This would be greatly important considering that the data obtained from the event will have to be kept and used for several years to come. In order to ensure that only the appropriate information is gathered and relayed across, it is necessary to track the deliverability of the information across the whole system. Quality information can only be obtained if it is tracked across the movement in order to ensur